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Simon & Schuster's Guide to Rocks & Minerals
Download Simon & Schuster's Guide to Rocks & Minerals
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Chapter 11 COPPERNATIVE ELEMENTSCu (Copper)System Isometric.Appearance Tetrahexahedral or octahedral crystals, Usually twinned, rare. Generally occurs in compact masses, sometimes of considerable size, or in dendritic and filiform masses. Characteristic copper-red color on fresh surfaces, more often with a greenish film of malachite or a blackish or iridescent film. Sometimes occurs as a pseudomorph after calcite, aragonite or cuprite.Physical properties Fairly soft (2.5-3), very heavy, ductile, malleable, no cleavage, hackly fracture. Opaque with metallic luster. Very thin sheets are translucent, letting through weak, greenish light. Excellent conductor of heat and electricity. Dissolves easily in nitric acid, staining the solution pale-blue when excess ammonia is added. Fuses at 1082°C (1980°F).Environment A typical mineral formed by chemical processes in reducing conditions in the oxidation zone of sulfide deposits. Also occurs in cavities of basalts and conglomerates, sometimes in considerable quantities. Often found in old mines subject to periodic flooding by water containing copper sulfates, appearing as crusts on iron objects or replacing fibers of wooden supports.Occurrence The finest crystals of native copper, measuring up to 3 cm (1.18 in), come from the Keweenaw Peninsula (Lake Superior, USA) where masses weighing up to 400 metric tons and natural alloys of copper and silver known as "halfbreeds" have also been found. There are other deposits with fine crystals of native copper in Germany, and Bisbee, Arizona (USA) and in the manganese skarns of Långban (Sweden) and Franklin, New Jersey (USA). Dendrites and masses are very common in many deposits (USSR, Zambia, Chile). In Europe, small deposits are found near Pisa and Florence (Italy).Uses Native copper rarely occurs in large enough quantities to be worth exploiting commercially. The metal has been important in human history, second only to iron. Nowadays its chief use is in electrical engineering (electric cables and wires) and for alloys (brass, bronze and a new alloy with 3 percent beryllium which is particularly vibration resistant).2 SILVERNATIVE ELEMENTSAg (Silver)System Isometrio.Appearance Rare, cube-shaped or octahedral crystals, always small, usually displaying stepped faces. Compact masses, dendrites and wire-like forms of a silvery, gray-white color. Arborescent aggregates with small individual branches at right angles or star-shaped aggregates are common.Physical properties Fairly soft (2.5-3), very heavy, ductile and malleable. Opaque with bright metallic luster, though almost always dulled by a blackish film caused by surface chemical alteration. Fuses at a low temperature (960°C; 1760°F). Soluble in nitric acid. Tarnishes if exposed to fumes of hydrogen sulfide. The best known conductor of heat and electricity.Environment Formed by reduction of sulfides in the lower part of lead, zinc and silver deposits. Sometimes also a primary mineral, either in low-temperature hydrothermal veins associated with calcite or in high-temperature veins associated with nickel or cobalt sulfides and uraninite. Frequently associated with copper.Occurrence The finest dendritic and wirelike crystals come from Köngsberg (Norway). Other famous localities are Freiberg (DDR) and San Luis Potosi (Mexico). Large amounts of silver, though not fine crystals, are found at Chanarcillo (Chile), Cobalt, Ontario (Canada), Broken Hill (Australia) and Redbeds, Colorado (USA). The largest blocks are from Aspen, Colorado (USA), where one weighing 380 kg (844 lb) was mined. However, the highest level of production has been from the Guanajuato mine (Mexico), about 500 billion kilos (460,000,000 tons) from the year 1500 to the present day. Found in southern Europe on the island of Sardinia.Uses An excellent ore of the metal silver, but rare. Silver is used in photography, chemistry, jewelry and in electronics because of its very high conductivity. In the USA and some other countries it is still used as currency, generally in some form of alloy.3 GOLDNATIVE ELEMENTSAu (Gold)System Isometric.Appearance Very rare, small, octahedral, cubic and dodecahedral crystals. Normally occurs in very small, shapeless grains, sheets and flakes Dendrites rare. In placers (alluvial or glacial deposits) nuggets are common Yellow color, varying in brightness depending on the impurities present.Physical properties Fairly soft (2.5-3), very heavy, ductile and malleable Opaque with bright metallic luster Very thin sheets let through feeble, greenish light. Medium fusion point (1061°C; 1942°F) An excellent conductor of heat and electricity. Its insolubility in acids (except aqua regia) and its specific gravity distinguish it from yellow sulfides and from the small altered plates of biotite often found in sands, where it is associated with pyrite arsenopyrite and pyrrhotite and with tellurides and selenides of gold. Also occurs in various volcanic rocks and tuffs, associated with chalcedony and manganese minerals Large concentrations known as bonanzas are formed by the erosion and redeposition of gold-bearing lavas.Environment Occurs primarily in high-temperature hydrothermal quartz veins in extrusive rocks Frequently found as a natural alloy with silver (electrum) and less often with palladium (porpezite) and rhodium (rhodite). However, most gold is obtained from concentrations of sedimentary origin (placers). both recent (river sand) and fossil deposits (conglomerate matrix), where it is accompanied by other heavy minerals Gold flakes are also found in the cementation zones of sulfide, selenide and telluride deposits, formed at high temperature under hydrothermal conditionsOccurrence The mare gold-bearing districts are the Witwatersrand (South Africa), the Mother Lode (California, USA). the Yukon (Alaska, USA), Porcupine (Northwest Territory, Canada) and the USSR. Formerly mined in a small district near Monte Rosa (Italy). The mare source of the commercial metal, used mainly as a monetary standard, in jewelry, in dentistry and for scientific and electronic instruments.Copyright © 1977, 1978 by Arnoldo Mondadori Editore S.p.A., Milan
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Product details
Paperback: 607 pages
Publisher: Simon & Schuster, Inc. (November 15, 1978)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0671244175
ISBN-13: 978-0671244170
Product Dimensions:
4.5 x 1.1 x 7.5 inches
Shipping Weight: 1.5 pounds (View shipping rates and policies)
Average Customer Review:
4.3 out of 5 stars
103 customer reviews
Amazon Best Sellers Rank:
#241,756 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
The book itself is chock-full of excellent pictures with plenty of information to aid a novice rockhound in beginning their search to conclusively identify their finds... I really LIKE how the pictures are right next to the descriptions (unlike the National Audubon Society's Field Guide- NASFG) but the volume of information is significantly less than the NASFG's. However, if you prefer simple, basic, half page descriptions describing the rock/mineral right next to the photographs, then this book is for you! However, that comes with significantly less of the detailed, specific, scientific information that is typically found in the NASFG & other guides. The trade off between the two is that in this book, the write up is right next to the photos--- so it eliminates the bother of having to constantly flip from the photo pages to the write up pages to access the write ups. If you're good with only basic information next to the photos, then this is the book for you! If not, buy the NASFG book...Photographs are large, clear, and of "typical specimens" rather than museum quality specimens that no one would normally expect to find in their travels...The text is clear, easy to read, and covers the basics only...It is sorted by classification of the mineral with no apparent rhyme nor reason as to the order each specimen is in. To find something, you have to first know what classification it is (sulfide, phosphate, etc) and even then, you'll have to flip through that entire section to find a photo that looks like your specimen because there is no apparent order within the classifications either...The NASFG guide keeps all the photos together by COLOR, increasing your chances of finding a photo of what you have relatively quickly, but, its trade off is having to flip pages constantly to find the write up that goes with it... However, if identifying the rock is crucial that it is accurate, the NASFG guide has significantly more information to do that with.In the end, depending on personal preference in how you like a book to be laid out will determine whether or not you'll prefer this book over another... I use both of them because the variety of photos in both are excellent and I love being able to see the description right next to the picture to see if it is even located in my area of the world...I have this item a 3 because the very first time I opened the book to use it, the binding broke and now the front cover hangs loose on it. That is VERY poor quality in manufacturing and is apparently "inherent" in this book as they may be new, not used, but they are OLD copies, very old, and the glue in the binding has dried up apparently.If I hadn't already written my name & the date inside the book prior to opening it up to use, (I loan books so put my name inside) then I would return the book for another copy... In any case, I expect that the book will serve its purpose even with a broken binding. If you choose this book, check the binding RIGHT AWAY, before writing in it or dog earring pages!In spite of that, I received the book quickly, on time, and the inner contents of the book ARE worth the bother, as long as you are aware that the binding is apparently compromised due to the age of the books being sold.
Has a ton of pics which i wanted for my grandson to be able to compare his rocks with.Has information as well but at his age(11) he's more interested in comparing and seeing what he has and identifying his rocks..then finding out a little info about them.
There is so much in this book :) Both in terms of technical information, as well as information about so many different minerals. The photos are great. I noticed that the publication date is something like 1978 and love that too :) Pre-too-much-digital-technology ;)
This guide has a few more minerals than my favorite, "The National Audubon Society's Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals," but it's organization is not as good. The main thing that this book has that the Audubon guide does not is information on optical data. If you are going to be looking at samples under a microscope in thin section, then you probably need this book, too. If you are not going to be using a microscope, get the Audubon Guide.National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals (National Audubon Society Field Guides)
Great book. I use it to this day, ~7 years later. Has a lot of other good information in it too, besides the rock/mineral descriptions.
This book covers everything you need to know about a ton of different minerals. Used it logging core at my last job and had to get my own copy. I like how they condense each mineral down to about a page, so you get all the info you need without the stuff that you dont.
My husband cuts and polishes cabashons and a friend of ours went to the Mineral Show that we were at and showed a strong interest in the different minerals and had purchased a few and started asking different questions. We had gotten the guide when we started about 20 years ago and still refer to it every now and then so for a new beginner it gives outstanding information on different minerals and the hardness and the metrics involved to assist in identifing the different stones. A very informative book to help you know and learn the different values of the minerals and rocks.
Wonderful must have book for all rockhounds, full of beautiful pictures
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